Rabies in dogs: what it is, how it's transmitted, and how to prevent it

Rabies is a very dangerous viral disease, known for its high mortality rate and ease of transmission through the bite of infected animals. The disease affects the central nervous system and can impact not only dogs, but also other mammals, including humans. Rabies is widespread globally, although many countries have implemented vaccination programs to control it.

But what is Rabies?

Rabies is a zoonosis, meaning a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. It is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Lyssavirus, primarily transmitted through saliva. The virus enters the body through bites or wounds, then travels along the nerves to the brain, where it causes severe and progressive inflammation of the nervous system. This disease is unfortunately fatal in most cases once symptoms have appeared.

How is Rabies Transmitted?

The most common mode of transmission is through the bite of an infected animal, as the virus is present in its saliva. However, it can also be transmitted through scratches or contact of infected saliva with mucous membranes or open wounds. Rabies is particularly common in dogs, bats, raccoons, and foxes, which serve as the main vectors of the disease.
In Italy, rabies is under control thanks to vaccination campaigns and strict regulations, but the risk of infection is not entirely eliminated, especially in certain rural areas or in countries where the disease is more widespread.

Symptoms of Rabies in Dogs

The incubation period of rabies in dogs can range from a few weeks to months. When the first symptoms appear, the disease progresses rapidly. Initial signs may include behavioral changes, such as sudden shyness or aggression.
Symptoms of rabies typically manifest in three phases:

1. Prodromal Phase: the dog may show restlessness, loss of appetite, fever, and behavioral changes, such as anxiety or mild aggression.
2. Furious Phase: in this phase, the animal becomes extremely restless and aggressive. It may try to bite objects, other people, or animals without any provocation. Salivation increases, leading to the characteristic "foaming at the mouth."
3. Paralytic Phase: signs of paralysis develop, starting from the jaw and throat, making it difficult for the dog to swallow. The disease progresses to complete paralysis and death.

Risks for Humans: Zoonosis and Prevention

Since rabies is a zoonosis, humans can contract it if bitten or injured by an infected dog. The virus can indeed attack the human nervous system, leading to similar symptoms and an equally severe course. Fortunately, effective vaccines exist for humans in case of exposure.
It is essential to avoid contact with wild or stray animals, and if bitten, immediately wash the wound with soap and water and go to the emergency room. The doctor will assess the possible need for post-exposure treatment.

Rabies Prevention in Dogs

Prevention is the best weapon against rabies. There are safe and effective vaccines that protect dogs and, indirectly, people too. In many countries, rabies vaccination is mandatory by law and must be administered once a year. Even in Italy, the vaccine is highly recommended for all dogs, especially those traveling abroad.

Here are some good preventive practices:

• Regular vaccination: ensure your dog is always up-to-date with vaccinations.
• Avoid contact with stray animals: if you are in at-risk areas, it's best to keep your dog on a leash and under control.
• Monitor for behavioral changes: if a dog starts showing strange symptoms, consult a veterinarian immediately.

What to Do in Case of Suspected Rabies

If you suspect your dog may have contracted rabies (for example, if it was bitten by an unknown or wild animal), it is crucial to contact your veterinarian immediately. Do not attempt to handle it if it shows signs of aggression or restlessness, as it could bite and transmit the infection.